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#AceNewsRoom With ‘Kindness & Wisdom’ Oct.15, 2022 @acehistorynews

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#AceHistoryDesk – Sarah Winnemucca, whose Paiute1 Indian name was Thocmetony (Shell Flower), died at her sister’s home in Henry’s Lake, Nevada, on October 14, 1891.

Winnemucca was the first Native American woman known to secure a copyright and publish in the English language. Her book, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims, is an autobiographical account of her people’s experiences during their first forty years of contact with white explorers and settlers.

For shame! For shame! You dare to cry out Liberty, when you hold us in places against our will, driving us from place to place as if we were beasts.

Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Life Among the Piutes,1883.2none

Born “somewhere near 1844” in western Nevada, Sarah Winnemucca was the daughter of Chief Winnemucca and Tuboitonie of the Northern Paiute people. Her grandfather, Chief Truckee, guided John C. Frémontduring his 1843-45 exploration of the Great Basin and California. Friendships formed by her grandfather provided the opportunity for Sarah and her younger sister to be educated in the household of Colonel William Ormsby, first at Genoa, Nevada, and then in Carson City.

Sarah Winnemucca continued her education on her own, and soon became one of only a few Paiutes in Nevada able to read, write, and speak English. She became a translator for the U.S. Army, and later, for government agents at the Malheur Reservation in Oregon, designated a reservation for the Northern Paiutes through a series of executive orders issued by President U. S. Grant. Later she served in this same capacity at the Yakama Reservation. Winnemucca’s role as translator put her in a difficult position with both her tribe and her employers: with her tribe for conveying what too often proved to be lies and false promises, and with her employers for continually drawing attention to the plight of her people. As a woman caught in the middle, she became a controversial figure both within and beyond her immediate communities.

Following the 1878 Bannock War, in which some members of the Northern Paiutes participated against the U.S. government, the tribe was forced to march from Malheur to the Yakama reservation in Washington Territory. There they endured great deprivation. Sarah Winnemucca began to lecture on the plight of her people, traveling across California and Nevada and speaking to white audiences. During the winter of 1879-80, she and her father, Chief Winnemucca, traveled to Washington, D.C., where they met with President Rutheford B. Hayes and gained permission from Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz for the Paiutes to return to Malheur at their own expense. This promise, however, went unfulfilled for years.

While lecturing in San Francisco, Winnemucca met and married Lewis H. Hopkins, an Indian Department employee. In 1883, the couple traveled East where Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins delivered nearly three hundred lectures on the plight of her people. In Boston, sisters Elizabeth Peabody, a leader in kindergarten education, and Mary Peabody Mann, widow of educator Horace Mann, together promoted her speaking career. The latter helped her assemble her lecture materials into a book. Winnemucca’s husband supported his wife’s efforts by gathering material for the book at the Library of Congress and joining her on lecture platforms. However, his tuberculosis treatments, combined with a gambling addiction, left her with little financial reward for her efforts. The couple separated for a time.

After returning to Nevada, Winnemucca built a school for Indian children near Lovelock, designed to promote the Paiute language and culture. Her Peabody Indian School operated briefly, until the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 required Indian children to attend English-speaking boarding schools. Despite a bequest from Mary Peabody Mann and efforts to turn the school into a technical training center, Winnemucca’s funds were depleted by the time of her husband’s death in 1887. By now sick with tuberculosis herself, she spent the last four years of her life retired from public activity.

1. The name of Sarah Winnemucca’s tribe has had a number of different spellings over time including: Pi-Ute, Piute, Pahute, and the currently accepted Paiute. Likewise, the names Yakama and Yakima both refer to the same tribe or reservation. (Return to text)
2. Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims, (printed for the author; Boston: For sale by Cupples, Upham & Co.; G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York; and by the author: 1883), 243-244. (Return to text)

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