AceHistoryDesk – Aboriginal sculpture originated in Yirrkala and the Tiwi Islands

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Ace Press News From Cutting Room Floor: Published: Jul.05: 2024: Australias Aboriginal History News: TELEGRAM Ace Daily News Link https://t.me/YouMeUs2 

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Before the European settlement of Australia, Aboriginal sculpture was ephemeral. After ritual use sculptures made and empowered for a particular ceremony and then discarded.

The aim of this article is to assist readers in identifying if their aboriginal Sculpture is an early example. It shows examples from different early artists.

Eastern Arnhem Land Aboriginal Sculpture

The Earliest sculptures from this area are Lorrikon. Lorrikon are bone receptacles made of hollow logs painted with totemic designs.  According to oral history, Carved Human figures from Yirrkala in Arnhem land were first created by Djuakan. They were first carved at the turn of the 19th Century. Djuakan got the idea from an old Macassan Fisherman, to carve a human head on top of a burial post. 

In 1948 a collector called Mountford recorded the carving of full-length human figures.   These full-length human figures were carefully painted in clan motifs. The surface painting on sculpture refers to aspects of legends and myths and to clan designs related to the figure represented. Local Yirrkala artists gained access to far better tools like pocket knives, rasps, and axes During World War II. 

Eastern Arnhem Land also has ceremonial sculptures made from bark, string, feathers, human hair, or other fibers. These are ceremoniallyimportant items. They are symbolic representations of animals food and birds. They sometimes have small painted wooden heads fixed to the top. These sculptures called Rangga are seldom sold and are collectible in their own right.

Tiwi Aboriginal Sculpture

Figurative Aboriginal Sculptures were first collected at Parunear Bathurst Island. Figures were ceremonially left at the graveside. This was so that the ghost of the recently departed would haunt the wooden figure instead of the closest kin. It was from this small community that many of the most important and collectible Aboriginal Sculpture Artists worked. 

Initially, they worked making posts and spears for traditional use. As European demand increased they soon made the sculpture for sale as well. 

Tiwi Island Artists often traded sculptures with the Mission on Bathurst Island for supplies. The people at Paru referred to themselves as Mandimbula. They maintain traditional beliefs, particularly the Pukumani ritual.

The Pukumani ritual includes the carving of Painted Pukumani poles and large painted Ceremonial Spears. An artist called Katuhe was the first to make a figurative carving. He carved a Pukumani pole with a figure on the top. Katu may have received inspiration from wooden sculptures he had seen in Darwin at the end of the second world war. Tiwi Sculptures have painted designs in traditional skin design patterns.

The origins of Central Arnhem Land Aboriginal Sculptures is very poorlydocumented. In the Berndt collection at the University of Western Australia, there are some small bee wax figures. These early sculptures come from the “Honey Men ceremony”. The majority of figures associated with the wild honey men have a very distinct diamond pattern on the body. A term used to refer to sculpture from this area is Mokoy Figures. Other figures from this area depict Mimi spirits. Mimi spirits live in the rocky areas of Western Arnhem land and they are always long and slender.

Aboriginal artists still make sculptures today for sale at the Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair.

Torres Strait Sculpture

There are a few very old sculptures from the Torres Straits. They were for tobacco growing magic. They are flat and two dimensional.

These sculptures are very rare and highly collectible.

The Torres Straits Islanders also Sculpted masks from wood and turtle shell

Central desert Sculpture

Traditional sculpture from the central desert is predominantly flat. These intricately carved oval boards called Churinga were central to Aboriginal spirituality of this area.  Out of respect for this ongoing Aboriginal culture, they are not discussed.

The other form of sculpture from the desert started in the 1950s and consists mainly of realistic-looking desert reptiles.

The two best artists who later became well-known painters are Tim Leura and Clifford Possum.

Artifacts as Sculpture

Many traditional Aboriginal Weapons and Coolamon have wonderful sculptural forms.  These weapons, collected by some people as sculptures rather than Artifact.

I have separate articles on coolamon and weapons.

There are also several types of Artifact that have strong sculptural forms. These artifacts though are of a secret and sacred nature and it would be inappropriate to show them online.

Contemporary Aboriginal Sculpture

Some wonderful contemporary sculpture is still made in Australia today.  These include wooden camp dogs from Aurukun and Yawk Yawk figures along with other fiber artworks.

Some Examples of Collectable Aboriginal Sculpture

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*Aboriginal Sculpture as discussed in this article refers to figurative wooden sculptures. It does not include Churingas or elaborate dancing head dresses

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